explain by the general OS particles?do you mean by open and close file?

explain by the general OS particles?do you mean by open and close file?

GENERAL OS PARTICLES :                                             in the previous book, you studied different types OS, their purpose and t... 09:52

GENERAL OS PARTICLES:

                                            in the previous book, you studied different types OS, their purpose and task. this chapter deals with only one type of operating system, i.e. windows XP. here, you will learn about basic OS functions, and how to accomplish them. you will learn how to the same task in many different ways. remember, there are number of ways to  perform to task. each way has its own benefit.
OPEN AND CLOSE FILE:
                                         OPEN FILE.
following are the different techniques to open a file:
1.  double clicking the file icon.
2.   pressing the enter key when cursor is on file-name.
3.   right clicking the file, and clicking on open.
4.  drag and drop a file onto corresponding software or application window.
CLOSE FILE:
                      following are the different techniques to close a file:
1.    press the shortcut key Alt+f4 (press the ALT key and then f4 key).
2.    clicking by mouse the 'X' on top right of open window.
3.    right clicking corresponding application on the task bar, and clicking close.
4.    clicking on exit form the file menu(in most application).
scientists are working to make more interactive ssoftware these software can open and close file by voice commands, spoken into computer microphones.
NAME AND RENAME FILE AND FOLDERS:
                                                                           remember, file is a collection of letters, numbers ans special characters. example of file are numerous:MS word file, MS excel file, game file, OS file and so on. a collection of file is known as a folder.in windows XP, a folder is usually represented. file and folders can be renamed at will. windows XP reserves some characters for its own use.it does not allow foles and folders to be renamed with them. Example are:
                                                                               *"/\:?< >|
furthermore, almost all computer files and folders may be renamed. windows XP reserves some foldres for its own use, and does not allow them to be renamed.
here's how to rename files / folders:
1.  right click a file's name, then click on rename.
2.  press f2 on the keyboard when cursor is on a file name.

why hard disk is important in a PC,s? write the two major components of it.

why hard disk is important in a PC,s? write the two major components of it.

HARD DISK:                          hard disk is the most important storage device in personal computer. it is a random access device, which... 01:33

HARD DISK:
                         hard disk is the most important storage device in personal computer. it is a random access device, which means data or information can be accessed or stored at any time and at any location on the hard disk.
hard disk is the biggest storage device in computer. its capacity is measured in gigabytes. other secondary storage devices are optional but hard disk is compulsory for a PC.
in internal structure of a hard disk, you can find the major components, disk platters and read/ write head.
1.   DISK PLATTERS:
                                    disk platter consists of circular metallic disks coated with a magnetic material on both sides of the hard disks. information or data is stored permanently on this magnetic material on the disk. the disks have smooth surfaces. when computer is turned on, these disk platters begin to rotate.
2.    READ/WRITE HEAD: 
                                           the read / write head moves along the radius of the disks for storing and retrieving the information or data on the disk.
USB FLASH DRIVE:
USB flash drive is the data storage device, which is small, light in weight, removable and rewrite-able. the drive offers more advantages over the other portable storage devices particularly the floppy disk.they are faster, hold more data and are more reliable due to their lack of moving parts. its is supported by all the recent operating system . it consists of a small circuit board and is enclosed in a metal or more often in a plastic casing. it is attached to the computer through USB port.
FLOPPY DISK:
                         the floppy disk was developed in 1987 by IBM . it has magnetic medium for storing data which is enclosed in the protective plastic casing. floppy disk have been found in the computers for several years and are still being used. the most common type which is used know a day is 3.5" floppy diskette. data is stored on the magnetic medium inside the plastic casing.

what is execution cycle of CPU?difference between RAM and ROM.explain by the primary memory and secondary memory?

what is execution cycle of CPU?difference between RAM and ROM.explain by the primary memory and secondary memory?

EXECUTION CYCLE OF CPU:                                                       to further understand the concept  of execution cycle, conside... 23:40

EXECUTION CYCLE OF CPU:
                                                      to further understand the concept  of execution cycle, consider the following example:
                                          when a student enters a math problem into the calculator of a computer, it goes to the memory of a computer. CPU solves it in a cycle of 4 steps.
step 1.      the control unit (CU) fetches the instructions for math's problem and data from the memory of a computer.
step 2.       the control unit decodes the instructions for math's problem and data then send to ALU.
step 3.        ALU performs calculations on the data.
step 4.         the results of math's problem are stored in memory.
the result in the memory operators on the calculator screen.
MEMORY IN A COMPUTER SYSTEM:
                                                                  memory consists of the devices that store instructions and the data needed by th

e CPU for calculations. after calculations, it is again stored in the memory for future use'
memory in a computer system in divided into two categories:
. primary memory (short term)                                        .  secondary memory ( long term)
let's try understand the difference between primary memory and secondary memory.
Primary Memory:
                                  primary memory is also known as the main memory of the computer. the data stored in it is quickly accessed by the CPU as it is directly linked to it. it is used for temporary storage of data, see fig:8. primary memory is further divided into two types:
1.        random access memory (RAM)
2.        read only memory (ROM)
let's further differentiate RAM and ROM
                    RAM                                                                                           ROM
.   it is link with CPU.                                                              . it is built within the CPU.
.  it allows read and write functions.                                     .  it is read only.
.   the data stored in it is not permanent.                             .  it is permanent in nature,
it get lost when computer is switched off.                              data does not get lost when
.   it is less expensive.                                                         computer is switched off.
.  SRAM, OR and DRAM are the example of RAM.                  .  it is more expensive.
                                                                                                    .  BloS is the example of
                                                                                                          ROM.
but over all primary memory is expensive and has limited storage capacity. a cheaper storage medium of permanent nature and large storage capacity is needed to be used in the computer to store large amounts of data. that is why, to increase the storage capacity of permanent nature, secondary memory is used.
SECONDARY MEMORY:
                                        secondary memory is also known as permanent memory or long term memory. it is different from primary in a sense that it is the place where data or information is stored permanently and transferred to the CPU for processing when needed. as primary memory is the only memory that is directly linked to the CPU' so data or information is transferred to the primary memory first and then control unit of CPU transfers it to the ALU for processing.

write down the main functions of control unit? explain the arithmetic and logic unit?what is main memory?

write down the main functions of control unit? explain the arithmetic and logic unit?what is main memory?

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT:                                                      ALU preforms the following functions in CPU: 1.    the arit... 05:55

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT:
                                                     ALU preforms the following functions in CPU:
1.    the arithmetic logic unit  executes arithmetic and logical operations.
2.    arithmetic operations include addition (+), subtraction (_), multiplication (*) and division (/).
3.    ALU performs logical operations, in which it compares between two members, letters and special characters.
4.    ALU compares the following conditions:
.     equal to (=) condition in which two values are the same and  (#) in which two values are not same.
.     less then (<) in which one value is less then the other and (>) in which one value is greater then the other.
CONTROL UNIT:
                           control unit as the name refers' controls and coordinates among the other components of a CPU . it performs the following functions:
1.     sends data and instructions received from input devices to the memory.
2.      sends the data and information from memory to the ALU, when required for processing ( to perform operations).
3.      sends the processed data or information from ALU, back to the memory.
4.      transfers the processed data or information from memory to the output unit from where it is sent to the out devices.
MEMORY UNIT:
                            memory unit performs the following functions:
1.      memory unit is the part of the computer where data and instructions are stored temporarily.
2.       control unit of  CPU retrieves data and  instructions from memory unit and supplies to the ALU for processing.
3.        the memory that is directly linked to the CPU is called main memory or primary memory.

describe briefly importance and function of CPU in the computer?explain the human brain preform?

describe briefly importance and function of CPU in the computer?explain the human brain preform?

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):                                                             CPU is the brain of the computer. the CPU is as i... 20:16

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):
                                                            CPU is the brain of the computer. the CPU is as important to the computer as brain is to use. it is the main chip that is fixed on the motherboard. CPU is also called as microprocessor. the word micro means small. so micro processor is a small chip of about 1 square inch in size. CPU reads and executes the program instructions, preforms calculations and makes decisions. it is also responsible for storing and retrieving information on storage disks or other storage media. it also handles the flow of information from one part of the computer to another.
HUMAN BRAIN PERFORMS:


                                                as you know that CPU performs the task in 4 steps. it is similar to the way the human brain does. to understands in better consider, the example in which a student wants to solve a math problem. he will solve it in the following 4 steps:
step 1.         brain receives instruction to solve a problem let suppose (1000+8000).
step 2.          brain thinks and decides to multiply two numbers.
step 3.         brain performs calculation 1000  + 7000= 8000
step 4.          the result (8000) is stored in the memory.
to further explore the function of CPU, consider another example of log on On process of a computer. this also completes in the following four steps:
step 1:   you enter username and password as an input.
step 2:   computer thinks and decides to send the username and password to database for confirmation.
steps 3:   computer does some work to match and confirm the username and password.
step 4:    when username and password are confirmed from database computer opens the desktop as output.

you have studied some fields of patients' records that the doctors keep in the computer.suggest three other first fields that might be entered.

you have studied some fields of patients' records that the doctors keep in the computer.suggest three other first fields that might be entered.

COMPUTER IS THE MEDICAL FIELDS:                                                             computer are used by the doctor to maintain the ... 00:03

COMPUTER IS THE MEDICAL FIELDS:
                                                            computer are used by the doctor to maintain the details of their patients. these may include:
.    patient's name
.    date of birth
.     address
.      occupation
.      date of last visit
furthermore, computer also enables the doctor to access information about uncommon illnesses, remote operations from other countries and diagnosis of the diseases over the internet.
FUTURE PROSPECTS OF COMPUTERS:
                                                             computers have come a long way since the time of charls Babbage (the father of computer). nowadays, it's hard to imagine the world  without computers. look around, you will see computers in house-hold electrical appliances, cars, airplanes, hospital machinery, etc. but what will the computer look like in the future? how will UT be used? what more benefits would it provide us? let's stake a quick peek into the future  of computer.                                                                                                              
DNA  Computers or  Bio-chips:
                                                  Even today, computer scientists are racing against each other to develop computer which will break previous computing record. Microprocessors made of silicon will look eventually reach their maximum limit, and then computer engineers will look for a new medium. you know, they wouldn't have to look fare. millions of super-microprocessors exit inside your body. DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules are present in the nucleus of all living cells. they have a ability to perform calculations many times faster then the world's most powerful human-built computers. the ICs (integrated circuits) made of DNA are being called bio-chops.
there are several advantages of using DNA instead of silicon:
.     as long as there are cellular organisms, there will always be a supply of DNA.
.      the large supply of DNA makes it a cheap resource.
.      unlike the toxic materials used to make traditional microprocessors, DNA bio-chips can be made cleanly.
.      DNA computers are many times smaller than today's computers.
SMART CLOTHES:
                               shirts of tomorrow will carry computers. that's not all; they will monitor your heartbeat and blood pressure.

how does computer help in security at airport?what dos the computer helping in security?

how does computer help in security at airport?what dos the computer helping in security?

COMPUTER HELPING IN SECURITY:                                        security is the condition of being protected against any danger or loss... 02:44

COMPUTER HELPING IN SECURITY:
                                       security is the condition of being protected against any danger or loss. security cameras can be used to monitor our homes, schools, markets and airports, etc. security cameras take the images and store them on the computer's hard disks. these images can be used to identify any loss. let's examine how airport security is carried out.
COMPUTER HELP IN SECURITY AT AIRPORT:
                                                                                  airport security normally requires verification of passengers, identity. to verify identity of people, it used documentation, such as passport. other items that are checked include begs,suitcases, and personal belongings. security is also used to safeguard people's lives , to stop the carriage of


explosive materials and dangerous metallic objects that may be used as weapons.
some countries have introduced bio-metric passport. bio-metrics means to check and verify fingerprints, retinal scans and facial patterns through computer system.

dear fellows, have you ever traveled by an earphone? if yes, then you must have seen an X-ray system. while you are stepping through a metal detector, your belongings pass through the X-ray system.

a conveyor belt carries each items and passes it through the X-ray machine. the suspicious items are picked up by internal detectors. these detector pass the X-ray to a filter, which block the lower energy X-rays. the remaining high energy X-rays pass through as sound detector. a computer system is linked to the X-ray machine. it compares the data of the two detectors, converters them into images and shows them of the monitor screen.

explain by the application of computer in information technology?

explain by the application of computer in information technology?

APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: computer are used in many industrial fields. two main areas among them are: .          co... 03:40

APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:
computer are used in many industrial fields. two main areas among them are:
.          computer aided manufacture
.            robots
COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM):
                                                                          CAM is a system of using computer technology to control manufacturing process. computer aided can be loaded to CAM machine. these machines are controlled by computer to work more efficiently than the finest craftsmen.
ROBOTS:
               robots are mechanical device which perform automatic tasks according to direct human supervision. they operate pre-defined computer program, or a set of general guidelines, using artificial intelligence techniques. we have to look the areas where robots are helping human in the industries.
ROBOTS IN ASSEMBLY LINES:
                                                 computer controlled robots are used by the automobile manufacturing industries for assembling and painting the automobile. robotic hands fix the parts exactly in the right place. although robotic assembly line machines are expensive, but have the following advantages:
  1)     they need no break for food and work 24 hours a day.
2)        they don't get bored, so work without mistakes.

ROBOTS AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS:
                                                                 robots are used in the nuclear power plants to reduce the costs and to enhance the safety of the people working there. they can work for the tasks that are dangerous for the people to carry out. robots move the harmful waste material in the underground tunnels. much of the wast material may weight up to several tons.
ROBOTS AS FIRE FIGHTERS:
                                            fire and rescue teams face dangerous circumstances of fires, explosions and chemical infections. but small firefighter robots have become a part of the rescue teams in many countries. robotic firefighters help the rescuers in buildings, industries and tunnels. for example,

 "Anna konda" is a snake robot firefighter. snake robots can be used to provide oxygen masks to to the rescuers, helping  the tunneler, lighting up the tunnel or to carry a camera that provides on internal view of the situation without requiring the rescuers to enter.

explain by the application of computer in information technology?how are the computer used in CAD?write advantages to use CAD?

explain by the application of computer in information technology?how are the computer used in CAD?write advantages to use CAD?

APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN INFORMATION  TECHNOLOGY :                                                            information technology is co... 05:17

APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN INFORMATION  TECHNOLOGY:
                                                           information technology is concerned with the use of technology that manged and processes the information, especially in large organization. computer are used to store, retrieve, process and transmit information. anything that involves with the computers, software's, networks, internet, websites, servers, databases and telecommunication, relates to information technology. most of the business depends largely on information technology from e-mail to database management.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTER INDUSTRY:
computer are used in many industrial files. the main area among  them are:
                                                                              .      computer aided designs
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNS (CAD):
                                                                in main industrial, CAD software are used to network designs. A ACD system is a combination of hardware and software that enables engineers and architects to make simple as well as complex designs.

personal computer can be used to run CAD software. for this PC's should have high-resolution graphic monition, light pen and graphic table for drawings. special printers e.g. plotters are used to print complex designs.

CAD in mainly used for 2D or 3D drawings. these drawings can be saved for future use. CAD allows easy editing and improvement of drawings. this task would be time consuming if done manually.

                            Advantages of Computer Aided Designs:
                                                           .      drawings are precise.
                                                           .     3D details of drawings give a better pictures.
                                                           .      designs are cheats and easy to produce.
                                                            .      images / drawings made in CAD can be seen in animation. this gives us the real of the project, before having to build it.
CAD for Aircraft:
                                designing an aircraft is very complex job. for the past many years, the aircraft industry designed all aircraft manually. now this laboriously manual task of designing  may be accomplished by CAD. without the help of a CAD system, it is impossible to design and maintain thousands of design sheets
the present design and layout of aircraft entirely done by the computer. the speed, accuracy and large storage capabilities have made the computer a particular tool for designing.
CAD for homes and offices:
CAD software can be used to design home and offices. for example, smart draw is CAD software to make designs of homes and offices. you can use it to make simple designs of your homes.
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM):
                                                                         CAM is a system of using computer technology to control manufacturing process. computer aided designs can be loaded to CAM machines. these machines are controlled by computers to work more efficiently than finest craftsmen.  

explain by the type of processor in relation to accounting system?

explain by the type of processor in relation to accounting system?

TYPE OF PROCESS IN RELATION TO ACCOUNTING SYSTEM the use of computer for accounting and other commercial purposes ha been made simple by the... 00:14

TYPE OF PROCESS IN RELATION TO ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
the use of computer for accounting and other commercial purposes ha been made simple by the development of many programming packages which consists of programmers and written instruction in the from of manuals of perform certain specific takes. there are many software packages available. for computers. some commonly used packages on personal computers (PC) are:

              a)     word processor
              b)     spread sheets
               c)      data base

(a) Word processor. 
                                   it is a software packages to help in text processing. words are processed. processing includes instruction, deletion, changing, moving words, paragraphs etc. words processor for creating reports, writing letters, sending reminders that has relevance to accounting to the extent the written reports are periodically.

the word processor benefits the user in the following manner:
1.     it eliminates the need for retyping entire pages(s) to correct changes.
2.      the text can be inserted at any location as well, without retyping.
3.      it provides additional features like mail-merge and spell checkers. in case one is required to send original copy to many individuals, one will have to type all addresses and text of the letter as many times. mail-merger facility helps by combining the same letter with different addresses.
(b).    Spread sheet.
                                     this is one of the software programming which have increased the utility of computer for accounting purposes. it provides the means to maintain accounting records with ease and accuracy. spread sheet programmers helps to draw vertical as well as horizontal columns on a large sized paper. each column's length and breadth can be adjusted according to suitability.

when you perform the calculating on paper manually, you call it a worksheet. however, when you start performing the same operations using a computer with magnetic disks replacing paper, you are working with what are know as electronic spreadsheets. thus an electronic spreadsheet is essentially a worksheet for performing the same sort of accounting tasks on a computer which you would normally perform manually by means of a paper and pencil.

c).Data base.
                         Data base can be defined as any organised collecting of information. all organisations need and store data of deficient areas like accounting. production, sales etc. there must by a means to store such data/information in an organised manner and a means to retrieve the required information, whenever needed. the method of organisation and timely recall recall of information is done through database management. it helps us to store off-line information that is not immediately required by as but can be recalled at instant's notice. thus database is an organised, integrated collection of data made available with little or no duplication or redundancy of data. in simple words, it is a collection of related files.

list some application of computers with special reference to the area of accounting?

list some application of computers with special reference to the area of accounting?

SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR ACCOUNTING today there are number of ready-made software package that are available in the market. since the applicati... 21:48

SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR ACCOUNTING
today there are number of ready-made software package that are available in the market. since the application in areas of accounting are standard, difference is in the number of features provided by in individual package. listed below are some standard application in the area of accounting. which will be covered by one or other package. the accounting areas according to application may be broadly divided into:
1).             General ledger
2).             Accounts payable
3).             Accounts receivable
GENERAL LEDGER
the general ledger system (G/L) helps in managing financial accounting. it generally serves the operational needs of an accounting system and also the statutory and manament information requirements of an organisation.
the reports generated by the system include:
.   Day-books
.     Journal
.      General ledger
.        Subsidiary ledger
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
the accounts payable system (P/A) helps in monitoring suppliers bills, payments and outstanding . A/P also assists in managing payments and planing for cash requirements. facilities are available to enquirer on suppliers details, balances, outstanding and transactions.

the packages can be used as they are or modified by the originating agency as per the user requirements. standard packages are now offered by big as well a small organisations. these packages have immensely facilitates compensation of commercial applications viz.
.         trial balance
.          balance sheet
.          profit and loss statement
.           budget variance
.            funds flow statement
.             ratio analysis
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
the accounts receivable system (A/R) helps in reducing money collection periods and minimizing bad debts.  A/R deals with customers invoices, receipts and balance, outstanding
and transactions.
A/R may generated about the following reports;
.              invoices register
.               receipts register
.               credit/debit notes register
.                customers journal
.                 customer ledger
.                  customer statement of accounts
.                  receipts due statements
.                 discount due statements
.                 interest receivable on overdue invoices
.                    customers directory.

list the advantages of a database system?Explain the role of computer in accounting.

list the advantages of a database system?Explain the role of computer in accounting.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A COMPUTER a computer is surely advantages because of the high speed of operation and greater accuracy it pr... 08:42

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A COMPUTER
a computer is surely advantages because of the high speed of operation and greater accuracy it provides, saving effected by better managerial control, savings in labor because it is fully automatic and finally because of its flexibility in use however, there is a considerable capital outlay with difficulty experienced analysand programmers, breed down and maintenance troubles and finally fear of obsolescence due to repaid development of computers.
ROLE OF COMPUTER IN ACCOUNTING
the commercial application of computer has about revolutionary changes in the industrial environment. computational has made its presence felt in every area of commercial application, may it be accounting or stores of may be sales or production planning and control.
in area of accounting, there is a lot of monotonous work, which is required to be done annually. for example, making entries into journal, updating the ledger, writing day book, preparing vouchers etc. all these repetitive activities are performed by the computer. once the data relating to a particular transaction is keyed in, the rest of the posting in the appropriate accounts and books is done by the system itself. from the same data vouchers are generated.
in the area of accounting the major contribution of computer has been as follows:
1.  elimination of substantial manual efforts involved in posting entries in various books of accounting.
2.  availability if any information on hand, regarding debtors, creditors funds position, etc. with ease and greater speed.
3.  processing voluminous accounting data and obtain desired results in a less time.
4.   automatic reconciliation of accounts and preparation of financial statements and other accounting reports accurately and in a better form.
5.   saving of substantial time applied in updating the books of accounts.
6.   saving in storage space required for keeping voluminous data.
7.    saving in costs in terms of manpower.
8.     useful in the areas of payroll accounting and inventory control.
9.      useful also in the preparation of price quotations, preparing invoice, sales forecasting, credit control etc.

what do understand by data processing? what are the basic elements of compterised data processing?

what do understand by data processing? what are the basic elements of compterised data processing?

ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM the total system of a computer installation consists of the following elements: 1               THE HARDWARE ... 03:40

ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
the total system of a computer installation consists of the following elements:

1               THE HARDWARE AND
2                     SOFTWARE

1.  Hardware. it is a general term which refers all the physical components or equipment used in the constriction of the computer itself. it covers all tangible items of the computer. these items can be seen or touched. it includes (1) input devices (2) output devices (3) central processing unit (4) key bored (5) printer (6) magnetic tapes (7) backing storage devices etc. when this hardware is linked together it is called a computer installation.

2.  Software. it is a general term which describes computer programmers. it mostly consists of programmed meant to control and direct the performance of a computer. without software a computer is like a car without petrol. software governs the working of computer. software can not be seen whereas hardware is one which we can see.

A major achievement in the software system is the development of packaged logic or general automatic programming based on common language. in this connection, two programming language are in most extensive use-_ COBOL and FORTRAN.

COBOL (common business oriented language) refers to the programming in English language which can be applied in a wide variety of digital computers for solution of business problems.
FORTRAN(formula translation) represent an automatic coding system based on the ordinary language of mathematics developed primary by IBN ( international business machines inc.) and designed to solve any numerical computation problem relating to large sets of formulas and many variables.

in order to use the computer solve problems. we must have hardware as well as appropriate software. presence of only on of these is of no use. the hardware and appropriate software put together is referred to as computer system.

what are the basic components of a computer system?illustrate your answer with simplified diagram.

what are the basic components of a computer system?illustrate your answer with simplified diagram.

                            COMPUTER SYSTEM a computer system consists of a computer and supporting devices for input and output of data. th... 08:58

                           COMPUTER SYSTEM
a computer system consists of a computer and supporting devices for input and output of data. the basic organisation of any computer system shown diagram given blow:
                                             central processing unit (CPU)
                                               
                                                          memory unit
                                                              (store)

                input device                 control unit                       output devices
                 (terminal)                        (brain)                                   (printer)


                                                    arithmetic and logic
                                                           unit (ALU)
                                                           (operator)
the input device, the central processing unit and the output device together constitute the computer system. the various functions performed by these unit are stated below:
1    INPUT DEVICE. these are the device through which data are programmers or necessary information can be fed into the computer. more commonly used input device are key board, punched cards, paper tapes, magnetic tapes, magnetic dicks, floppy dicks, remote terminal and scanners etc. remote terminal is the most popular mode tease days. it has a keyboard wired to computer and screen.
2    CENTRAL PROCESSING Unit (CPU). this is the most important unit of the computer system. it is thus rightly called the heart of the computer system. it is this unit which performed all arithmetic and logical processing. the central processing unit is further divided into three unit:
                          (1)   memory unit
                          (2)   arithmetical/logic unit
                          (3)   control unit
(1)   Memory unit.  one of the characteristics of computer is storage. this unit store all the data and instructions which are needed at the time of processing. memory located inside the computer is the internal memory which is also called primary memory. it is the place where the data can be stored. there are several types of devices such as magnetic drums, disks, types and cores used for the  internal storage unit. the capacity  of primary storage of most computers is limited therefore, external storage is required for holding data not currently is use. external memory is also known as secondary memory.
(2)   Arithmetic logic unit (ALU). its unit consists of complicated electronic circuits. it performs the required calculations at high speed and takes all the logical decisions. the arithmetic unit is able to carry out all the ordinary operations of additions, subtractions, multiplications are division with the data supplied to the input unit and stored in storage unit. the arithmetic unit unit can perform a long sequence of operations without human interference according to the instruction issued by the control unit.
(3)   CONTROL UNIT. this unit directs the computer what to do and the sequence

in which it should be done. thus, it is the directing brain of the computer. this unit controls and co-ordinates the activities of all other units, such as ALU. memory unit, input unit and output unit. as per the programmer it calls for data from the storage devices, processes it and returns it to storage calls and if needed of the output  device to print out the results.
3.     OUTPUT device. output devices are used to record the results obtained by the computer and present them to the user. some of the common output devices are visual display unit, printers, card punching machines, magnetic tape drives, magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, graph plotters etc.

explain types of computer?

explain types of computer?

            TYPES OF COMPUTER computer many be divided into three categories-digital, analog and hybrid. current use of the word 'comput... 00:50

            TYPES OF COMPUTER
computer many be divided into three categories-digital, analog and hybrid. current use of the word 'computer' always refers to the electronic digital computer which uses solid-state electronic circuits.
1    Digital computer. as its name indicates, a digital computer works digits. min other words, a digital computer is a counting device. it accepts, processes and produce discrete data and computation are done with discrete quantities such as numerical digits. these co

computers obtain answers by counting and are very useful in business as they deal directly with the numbers involved in the processing of business data. as only simple arithmetic is involved in most of the business application, general purpose digital computer system are sufficient for business houses.
2   Analog computers. the word 'analog' derives its origins from the Greek word 'analog' which means similarity  of two quantities. these computer operate on the principle of creating a physical analog of mathematical problems to be solved. these computers deal only with scientific measures. in essence analog computers make measurements but not calculations. examples  of analog computers are slide rule (to measure distance). speedometer  (to measure speed of an automobile) etc. it obtains answered by measuring, therefore, there are mostly used in science and research because of its mobility to carry out complicated scientific and mathematical calculations at a great speed. it is difficult to use these computers without the knowledge of advances  mathematical which is necessary for programming. as compared to digital computers, analog computers are slow and less accurate. they are designed for special applications only.
3   Hybrid computers. these computers combine the features of both digital and analog computers. this dual purpose system combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computers and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computers. hybrid

computers find applications in special areas only.

define the term computer? explain its important features.

define the term computer? explain its important features.

FEATURES (CHARACTERISTICS)OF COMPUTER the growing importance of computer applications is due to its powerful features. the main features of ... 23:19

FEATURES (CHARACTERISTICS)OF COMPUTER
the growing importance of computer applications is due to its powerful features.
the main features of a computer are as follows:
1  speed.  modern digital computer works at very fast speed. the speed or execution of operations by modern computers is several million operation per second. its speed has facilitated industry to make desired data available within seconds.

2  Storage.  a large volume of information can be stored in temporary memory computer can store almost limitless volume of information in secondary media such as floppy, disk,magnetic disk and tapes etc. storage of voluminous data in secondary devices saves space and time both in storing and extraction of information.
3 Accuracy.  the computer produces 100% accurate results but it depends upon teh computer operator. the term 'GIGO' is popularly used regarding computer accuracy. GIGO mean "garbage in, garbage out". its means if the operator given wrong instructions to the computer or feeds worng data into, it the result is bound to be inaccurate. Errors in computer results are, without exception, due to human rather than due to technological weakness of the computer.
4  Automation.  a computer has now become an important office automation tool. to perform many operation, the only human effort required is to press some keys the rest is automatically done by the system based upon the programmer instructions. the means that the operator is not required to give instructions at each stage of operation. such an automate execution of operations continues till an instruction is given to stop.
5  Versatility. a computer has wide applications. it can be used to solve problems relating to difference fields. these days there is hardly any area where computers are not used. computers are used in business and industry, science, research, offices etc.

6  Diligence. unlike human beings whose efficiency and effectiveness decreases with passage of time. computer maintains its efficiency and accuracy consistently. a computer never tires doing the same job again even for a million of time without lack of concentration.
7  Scientific Approach. in computers, the entire portage to problem solving is scientific and logical. it is absolutely free from emotions and the results are determined from the information fed into the computer.
8 Logical decisions. logical decisions are possible with the help of computer because computer can process the information for various possible alternatives (simulations). hence, only the logical decision is the likely outcome.

describe various generation of computer?discussed by computer history.

describe various generation of computer?discussed by computer history.

HISTORICAL REVOLUTION-A BRIEF HISTORY the first computer was perhaps Abacus, developed around 650 B.C.. in china it consisted of beads str... 03:34

HISTORICAL REVOLUTION-A BRIEF HISTORY
the first computer was perhaps Abacus, developed around 650 B.C.. in china it consisted of beads strung on fixed parallel rods.
in 1942, blase pascal, a french mathematical developed the first mechanical calculator. in 1834, Charles Babbage built a mechanical calculator called difference engine and further developed the idea of analytically engine. Herman Hollerith, in the late nineteenth century, introduced punched card as a storage medium which were used to represent a record or a part of record. he developed what is called Hollerith code to represent alphabetical characters as combination of punched on 12 rows 18 columns cards.

MARK-1 developed by professor hardware Aiken in 1944 was the first successful digital computer. ENIAC (Electronic numerical integrator and calculator) was the first electronic digital computer and was designed in 1946 by john W. touchily and J. prepare Eckert. john Von Newman discussed the basis for the design of a computer in 1946. UNI VAC (universal automatic computer ) was the first electronic digital computer designed for commercial application.

COMPUTER GENERATION
since 1949, the computer technology has passed through various generations. computer designed and built 1949 to 1959 are generally described as first generation computers. these systems were large in size, expensive and were based on vacuum tubes. VNIVAS and EDVAC are example for first generation computers. computer built during 1959-64 are described as second generation computer. the technology was based on transistors. these computers were less expensive and smaller in size. for these computer systems, languages used were high level languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

what do you mean by digital computer and analog computer?which of these computers is used for accounting purposes?

what do you mean by digital computer and analog computer?which of these computers is used for accounting purposes?

                TYPES OF COMPUTER computer may be divided into three categories-digital, analog and hybrid. current use of the word computer... 06:32

               TYPES OF COMPUTER

computer may be divided into three categories-digital, analog and hybrid. current use of the word computer always refers to the electronic digital computer which uses solid-state eletronic circuits.
1   digital computers, an its name indicated, a digital computer work with digital. in other works, a digital computer is a counting device. it accepts, processes and produces discrete data and computations are done with discrete quantities such as numerical digits. these computers obtain answers by counting and are very useful in business as they deal directly with the numbers involved in the processing of business data. as only simple arithmetic is involved in most of the business application, general purpose digital computers systems are sufficient for business houses.  

2  Analog computers. the word analog derives its origin from the greek word analogy which means similarity of two quntities. these computers operate on the principle of creating a phsical analogy of mathematicl problems to be solved. these computers deal only with scientific measures. in essence, analog computers make measurements but not calculation. Examples of analog computers are slide rule (to measure distance).speedometer  (to measure speed of an automobile) etc. OT obtains answered by measuring. therefore, there are mostly used in science and research because of its nobility to carry out complicated scientific and mathematical calculations at a great speed. it is difficult to use tees computers without the knowledge of advanced mathematical which is necessary for programming. as compared to digital computers, analog computers are slow and less accurate. they are designed for special application only.

3    Hybird computers. these computers combine the features of both digital and analog computers. this dual purpose system combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computers. hybird computers find applications in special areas only

what is CPU?explian.

what is CPU?explian.

                              CPU Alternatively referred to as the  brain of the computer ,  processor ,  central processor , or  microproce... 05:40

                              CPU

Alternatively referred to as the brain of the computer, processor, central processor, or microprocessor, the CPU (pronounced as C-P-U) was first developed at Intel with the help of Ted Hoff in the early 1970's and is short for Central Processing Unit. The computer CPU is responsible for handling allinstructions it receives from hardware and software running on the computer.

Note: Many new computer users may improperly call their computer and sometimes their monitor the CPU. When referring to your computer or monitor it is proper to refer to them as either the "computer" or "monitor" and not a CPU.

In the picture below, is an example of what the top and bottom of an Intel Pentium processor looks like. The processor is placed and secured into a compatible CPU socket found on themotherboard, and because of the heat it produces it is covered with a heat sink to help keep it cool and running smoothly.

As can be seen by the above picture, the CPU chip is usually in the shape of a square or rectangle and has one notched corner to help place the chip into the computer properly. On the bottom of the chip are hundreds of connector pins that plug into each of the corresponding holes on the socket. Today, most CPU's resemble the picture shown above; however, Intel and AMD have also experimented with slot processors that were much larger and slid into a slot on the motherboard. Also, over the years there have been dozens of different types of sockets on motherboards, each socket only supports so many different processors, and each has its own pin layout.

Components of the CPU

In the CPU, the primary components are the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) that performs mathematical, logical, and decision operations and the CU (Control Unit) that directs all of the processors operations.

Over the history of computer processors, the speed (clock speed) and capabilities of the processor have dramatically improved. For example, the first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 that was released November 15, 1971 and had 2,300 transistors and performed 60,000 operations per second. The Intel Pentium Processor shown on this page has 3,300,000 transistors and performs around 188,000,000 instructions per second.

what is meaning of computer?

what is meaning of computer?

                MEANING OF COMPUTER the term computer is derived from the Latin word "computer" which means to computer ho-were , ... 00:18

                MEANING OF COMPUTER
the term computer is derived from the Latin word "computer" which means to computer ho-were , the term computer has come to mean a special type of calculating device having certain definite features. in a way, a computer is an information processing machine. it is an electronic device capable of solving problems by accepting data, preforming described operation on the data and supplying the results of these operation.

according  to international standard organisation (ISO) a computer is " a data processor that can perform substantial computation, including numerous air thematic and logic operation, without intervention by a human operator during the run". it is also defined as "an electronic device which converts information / data into meaningful information."

a simpler definition of a computer is that it is a machine for the input, storage, manipulation and output of data. it should be clearly understood that a modern computer is not simple an electronic calculator. mathematical calculations are only a part of its work. in fact, it is an electronic calculating and data processing machine

that works with instructions which are coded in a simple binary digits. the basic difference between the computer and the calculate is that the computer can perform long-sequences of computation without human intervention. it has the ability of storing and executing a given set of instruction for solving a particular problem. it can input read the data automatically, can make certain logical decisions and alter its future course of action accordingly.